gacS基因在荧光假单胞菌FD6防治番茄灰霉病中的功能分析

 荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）FD6可产生多种抗菌物质,对多种植物病原真菌生长都有抑制作用。将FD6菌株感应激酶gacS基因部分保守区片段克隆到自杀载体中得到质粒pBS-S,将该质粒电击转化到FD6菌株中,利用同源重组构建了gacS基因插入突变体。经测定该突变体不产生抗生素硝吡咯菌素、2,4–二乙酰基间苯三酚、藤黄绿脓菌素、蛋白酶和氢氰酸,与野生型菌株相比形成生物膜和嗜铁素能力显著降低,并且丧失了对番茄灰霉病防病能力。gacS基因互补试验结果表明,gacS基因表达可恢复产生次生抗菌物质的能力,且对番茄灰霉病的防治效果与野生型菌株接近。由此证明,gacS基因是影响拮抗细菌FD6抗生素产生和对病害抑制能力的重要调控因子。     

Potassium silicate and chitosan application for gray mold management in strawberry during storage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon and chitosan as alternative controls for postharvest rot of strawberries (gray mold) caused by Botrytis cinerea. Chitosan and potassium silicate applications were performed at the preharvest stage using the following treatments: chitosan once a week; potassium silicate once a week; potassium silicate once a week + chitosan once a week; and without application. An additional variable was introduced at postharvest, with one-half of the total fruit harvested from each plot dipped in chitosan and the other half not dipped in chitosan. Potassium silicate alone was not effective for rot control. Fruits from plants that received the chitosan application showed 64% less area under the rot progress curve (AURPC) than fruits from plants that were not treated with chitosan. Harvested fruits that were chitosan dipped showed 48% less AURPC than fruits that were not treated at postharvest. Chitosan application in the field and at postharvest is a promising strategy for the management of postharvest strawberry rot.     

Bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) Ether,a Marine Algae Derived Bromophenol,Inhibits the Growth of Botrytis cinerea and Interacts with DNA Molecules

Bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (BDDE) is a bromophenol isolated from marine algae. Previous reports have shown that BDDE possesses cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that BDDE displays broad-spectrum antifungal activities, especially on Botrytis cinerea. BDDE inhibits the growth of B. cinerea cultured on a solid medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA) as well as on the potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium. Moreover, BDDE decreases the incidence of fruit decay and severity of strawberries infected with B. cinerea. Further studies have revealed that BDDE decreases the germination rate and inhibits the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. The inhibition mechanisms are related to the disruption of the cell membrane integrity in B. cinerea spores and newly formed germ tubes. This study also suggests that BDDE possibly interacts with DNA via intercalation and minor groove binding. The studies provide evidence that BDDE has potential application in the control of gray mold after fruit harvest and the compound could serve as a candidate or lead template for rational drug design and for the development of antifungal agents.     

番茄灰霉病拮抗菌K-2的筛选及鉴定

从土壤中分离出一株对蕃茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)有较强拮抗能力的细菌K-2。通过平板对峙培养法对其抑菌效果进行测定,结果表明:1)培养5d后,K-2菌落周围产生明显的抑菌带,对Botrytis cinerea的抑菌率达66.19%,培养15d后仍保持稳定的抑菌效果;2)K-2的发酵原液对Botrytis cinerea孢子萌发具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率为100%;3)K-2对病菌的作用机制表现为使病菌菌丝畸形、菌丝扭曲、抑制病菌分生孢子的萌发;4)土壤定殖试验表明,拮抗菌K-2会受到土著微生物的影响降低存活率,但仍具有在土壤中存活并较长时间保持拮抗能力的潜力。     

11种木霉菌对葡萄灰霉病菌的拮抗作用

对采自宁夏14个市县的170份土样及其它材料进行分离,得到96株木霉菌株,采用形态分类方法鉴定出9种木霉菌以及2种未知名菌种,它们分别为哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii)、顶孢木霉(T.fertile)、黄绿木霉(T.aureoviride)、深绿木霉(T.atroviride)、钩状木霉(T.hamatum)以及T.sp1和T.sp2。竞争及对峙培养结果表明:11种木霉菌种对葡萄灰霉病菌(BotrytiscinereaPers.)均有不同程度的拮抗作用,尤其前四种木霉菌表现出了很强的竞争优势,在对峙培养中对葡萄灰霉菌的拮抗系数为Ⅰ￣Ⅱ,抑菌率达61.8%￣77.6%。在光学显微镜下可观察到木霉菌或缠绕或穿入葡萄灰霉菌菌丝生长,并发生菌丝断裂、消解以及细胞原生质浓缩等现象。     

灰葡萄孢拮抗细菌的种类鉴定及生长条件研究

经形态和生理生化鉴定,对灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea Pers.）拮抗能力强、防病效果好的3株细菌进行分类,W10为地衣芽孢杆菌[Bacillus licheniformis(Weigmann)Chester],W3和Y2－11－1为多粘类芽孢杆菌[Paenibacillus polymyxa(Prazmowski)Ash et al]。这2种对蔬菜灰霉病的高效拮抗菌为中国首次报道和应用。3株拮抗细菌的生长条件基本一致,最适培养时间为24－72h,最适生长温度是27－30℃,最适培养液pH值为7－8。     

大蒜盲种葡萄孢(Botrytis porri Buchw.)等三个国内新记录种

 本文报道我国葡萄孢属(Botrvtis)的三个国内新记录种,即大蒜盲种葡萄孢B.Porri,葱鳞葡萄B.squamosa和球精葡萄孢B.sphaerosperma,每种均有描述和附图,标本及菌株保存于云南农业大学植病研究室真菌标本室(MHYAU).     

草莓灰霉病菌对速克灵的抗性研究

速克灵对草莓灰霉病具有很好的防治效果,但长期、单一使用很容易使草莓灰霉病菌产生抗药性。为合理使用这类杀菌剂,延缓或防止抗药性的产生,笔者通过UV-C诱变草莓灰霉病菌敏感菌株CF1获得了对速克灵具有高抗性的突变株CF1-1和CF1-2,并对抗性突变株的生长量、产孢量和致病力进行了研究,结果表明:CF1-1与CF1-2对速克灵抗性程度高,抗性水平与敏感菌株相比分别增加了484.6倍和911.0倍。抗性菌株在无速克灵的培养基上菌丝生长较敏感菌株弱,产孢量也明显少于敏感菌株;但其引起草莓离体叶片发病较敏感菌株重,病斑大且边缘颜色深;薄片黄瓜测定结果也表明,在无速克灵的情况下,敏感菌株CF1引起发病较重;而在有药条件下CF1受到一定抑制,但抗性菌株仍能致黄瓜片发病。将抗性菌株连续培养7代后对速克灵的抗性仍是相对稳定的。     

一株细菌对蔬菜病原真菌抑菌活性的研究

采用菌丝生长速率法测定分离自实验室的一株细菌对黄瓜灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、辣椒疫病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的抑菌效果。结果表明,这株细菌对以上3种病原菌均有较好的抑制效果,其中对黄瓜灰霉病菌的抑制效果最好;细菌粗发酵液经一定强度的温度和酸碱处理后仍有一定的抑菌效果,抑菌效果在p H 5.1~9.0之间无显著差异;用胰蛋白酶处理后拮抗活性无明显变化;经硫酸铵处理过的粗发酵液,其上清液与沉淀均具有抑菌活性。     

Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verbena officinalis</Emphasis> L. Leaves

The scavenging activity against DPPH (1,1-diphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical and the antifungal effect against chloroform, ethyl acetate and 50% methanolic extracts of Verbena officinalis leaves were investigated. The activity of different fractions of 50% methanolic extract and some isolated compounds were also investigated. The results suggest that 50% methanolic extract and caffeoyl derivatives could potentially be considered as excellent and readily available sources of natural antifungal and antioxidant compounds.